It's the last thing you'll say to someone this year, and the first thing they'll remember in 2027.
Every year ends the same way. Calendars clear, inboxes go quiet, and for a few weeks people finally look up long enough to notice who showed up for them. That's the window a holiday gift lands in, and it's why holiday gifting returns more than almost any other touchpoint on the calendar: it reaches every relationship that drives the business, all at once, at the exact moment people are paying attention.
TL;DR: Holiday gifting pays off in three places: pipeline (gift-originated outbound deals win at 1.84x the rate of those without one), client retention, and employee retention (77% of employees say a gift they actually wanted would make them more likely to stay). The return comes from putting every relationship on the list, tiering by value, choosing premium brands people trust, and ordering early. For 2026, October 30 is the last date for full customization with no rush fees. Jump to the 2026 order-by dates.
Table of contents
- What is the ROI of corporate holiday gifting?
- Why does the holiday gift matter more than other touchpoints?
- Who should be on your corporate holiday gift list?
- What makes a holiday gift actually pay off?
- What are the best corporate holiday gifts for 2026?
- How much should you spend on corporate holiday gifts?
- What changed in corporate gift rules in 2026?
- When should you order corporate holiday gifts in 2026?
- How do you send holiday gifts without collecting addresses?
- How do you measure holiday gifting ROI?
- Key takeaways
- FAQs
- Sources
What is the ROI of corporate holiday gifting?
Answer: The return shows up in three places: revenue (more meetings, higher win rates), client retention (renewals, expansion, referrals), and employee retention (lower turnover). Outbound emails with a gift saw a 3.08x higher meeting rate and gift-originated deals won at 1.84x the rate of those without one.1 On the people side, 77% of employees say receiving a gift they actually wanted would make them more likely to stay.2
Fair question to ask a gifting company, so here's the evidence by where the return shows up, with the caveats included.
| Where the return shows up | What the research shows |
|---|---|
| Pipeline & new business | Across 30 B2B SaaS companies, outbound emails that included a gift had a 3.08x higher meeting rate, and deals that started with a gift won at 1.84x the rate of those that didn't.1 |
| Open deals | When a gift followed the first sales call, the second-call rate was 6.31x better and deals ran 16% larger.1 |
| Client retention | In financial services, a 5% increase in customer retention produces more than a 25% increase in profit.5 A year-end gift to a key account is one of the cheapest retention touches available. |
| Employee retention | 77% of employees say a gift they wanted would make them more likely to stay, and 68% say it would make them feel more positive about their employer.2 Well-recognized employees were 45% less likely to have left two years later.3 |
| Brand perception | 90% of consumers say a branded product improves their perception of the brand, and 65% are very likely to keep one for six months or longer.6 |
The math that matters most is replacement cost. Replacing a single employee can cost one-half to two times their annual salary, and 52% of people who voluntarily leave say their manager or organization could have done something to keep them.4 Losing a key account usually costs more. Against those numbers, a premium holiday gift is a rounding error, and one of the few line items that works on revenue and retention at the same time.
How it compares to paid media. In vendor-reported data, gifting-sourced SQLs won at 26%, against 16% for Google Ads and 13% for LinkedIn Ads.9 Two caveats: that's a gifting platform reporting on its own customers, and "influenced" revenue isn't the same as measured incremental lift. Read it as directional. The pattern is consistent across every dataset above, and that consistency is the point.
The HockeyStack data also carries a warning worth repeating: inbound gift offers lowered MQL-to-SQL conversion by 9%.1 Gifts used as bait attract people who want the gift. Gifts used to thank, re-engage, or move a real relationship forward are where the return lives.
Why does the holiday gift matter more than other touchpoints?
Answer: Because it's the one gifting moment nearly everyone expects, which makes both the gift and its absence visible. 98% of employees received a holiday gift from their employer last year, and 41% said they were worried they wouldn't get one this year.2 Clients and partners notice the same gap. The vendor who sends nothing in December is quietly telling them where the relationship ranks.
The holiday gift is the last impression of the year and the opening line for the next one. It also outlasts the moment. A well-made gift keeps working on the desk, in the kitchen, or on the commute well into Q2, and 85% of people remember the company behind a branded item they receive.7
That's why the holiday gift is worth getting right rather than getting done. A generic box gets lost in a December pile. A premium, well-timed gift with a real message becomes the thing people mention in the January check-in.
The research behind getting it right is clear on one more point. A 2024 study in the Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science found gift value has to match the stage and importance of the relationship, and that customization reduces the risk of a gift misfiring.8 Translation: one gift for everyone is the riskiest strategy available.
Who should be on your corporate holiday gift list?
Answer: Every relationship that moved the business this year: key clients, active prospects and open deals, partners and referral sources, executives and VIPs, and your own team, plus the moments around the holidays like company parties, year-end milestones, and January starts. Each has a different goal, so each deserves a different gift and tier.
Most companies default to one list and one gift. The return comes from treating holiday gifting as a portfolio, where each audience gets a gift matched to what you want the relationship to do next.
| Audience | The goal | What tends to land |
|---|---|---|
| Key clients & accounts | Renewals, expansion, referrals | Elevated, brand-name gifts or curated kits in custom packaging, with a personal note |
| Prospects & open deals | Meetings, momentum, a reason to reply | Useful, premium single items that fit the recipient's gift policy |
| Partners, referrers & vendors | Loyalty and future referrals | Shareable gifts: gourmet, entertaining, or a celebratory bottle |
| Executives & VIPs | Memorability at the highest-stakes level | Signature pieces from the $200+ tier, engraved or monogrammed |
| Employees & teams | Retention, belonging, a strong start to the new year | Gifts from brands people already want: cozy layers, tech, wellness, everyday carry |
| Holiday parties & events | A take-home moment people talk about | Onsite gifting experiences or branded favors |
| January starts & milestones | Onboarding, anniversaries, sales kickoffs | Welcome kits and New Year's gifts that land when inboxes are quiet |
Clients and key accounts
This is where holiday gifting earns its keep. A year-end gift to a top account reinforces the decision to work with you right before renewal conversations start. Tier up for the accounts that matter most, keep the note specific to the year you had together, and consider shareable gifts for client teams. For the celebratory end of the list, the COUP Custom Supreme Metal Case pairs a bottle of craft Champagne with multi-point engraving in a reusable hard-shell case.
Prospects and open deals
The holiday window gives sales teams a natural, non-salesy reason to reach out, and the data favors the timing: deals that received a gift after the first call saw a 6.31x better second-call rate.1 Keep prospect gifts modest and useful, and check the recipient's gift policy first. More on that in the 2026 rule changes.
Partners, referral sources, and vendors
The relationships behind your delivery rarely get thanked. A holiday gift to channel partners, agencies, and referral sources is cheap insurance on next year's pipeline, and one of the few touchpoints they'll actually remember.
Executives and VIPs
For the C-suite, board members, and your most important accounts, go narrower and better. A signature piece, engraved or monogrammed, with a handwritten note from your own executive will do more than three generic ones.
Employees and teams
The employee holiday gift is a retention lever hiding in plain sight. In Custom Ink's survey of 1,051 US employees, fielded in October 2025, 77% said a gift they actually wanted would make them more likely to stay with their company.2 The same survey found 38% ranked office products among their least-wanted gifts. The lesson: the gift has to be something people would choose for themselves. For the year-round version of this strategy, see The Strategic Employee Appreciation Playbook.
Holiday parties, events, and January moments
Holiday parties, client dinners, and year-end offsites are built-in gifting moments. And if timing slips, a New Year's gift that arrives in January, when inboxes are quiet and yours is the only gift on the desk, can land even harder. It's also the natural bridge into welcome kits, sales kickoffs, and company stores for the year ahead.
What makes a holiday gift actually pay off?
Answer: Brand, personalization, presentation, and timing. 77% of employees say they'd value a gift more if it came from a trusted or premium brand, and 82% say they'd value it more if it was personalized.2 Durability, design, and relevance decide whether a branded product gets kept or forgotten.6 The best holiday gifts are premium, useful, personal, beautifully presented, and on time.
| Generic holiday swag | Strategic holiday gifting |
|---|---|
| One gift for everyone | Segmented by relationship and tiered by value |
| Logo-first, quality second | Brands people trust, with branding that feels native: engraving, embroidery, deboss |
| Shipped in a plain mailer | Custom boxes, branded tissue, printed tape, and a notecard that make the unboxing part of the gift |
| No message, or a generic one | A specific note about the year you had together |
| Ordered late, arrives in January by accident | Planned to arrive before the holidays, or in January on purpose |
Presentation is part of the present. It's the first thing a recipient experiences and the clearest signal of how much thought went into the gift. For holiday programs, the details that make the biggest difference:
- Custom packaging: custom boxes, branded tissue, printed tape, inserts, and notecards.
- Product decoration: embroidery, laser engraving, screen print, deboss, digital print, and patches, matched to the product so the branding feels designed in, not stamped on.
- White-glove execution: custom kitting, warehousing, pick and pack, drop shipping, global shipping, and online stores, so 500 gifts arrive as consistently as one.
Explore the full range on our services page, build a kit yourself with Kitbuilder, or let our team curate it for you.
→ Book a call for free mockups
Tell us who's on your list and your budget. We'll come back with recommendations by audience and mockups with your branding.
What are the best corporate holiday gifts for 2026?
Answer: The best 2026 holiday gifts are premium, useful, and built for winter life: cozy layers and blankets, coffee and entertaining gear, wellness and recovery tech, travel bags, and celebratory gifts like engraved champagne. Our 2026 Holiday Gift Guide organizes them by budget, from stocking stuffers under $50 to $200+ show stoppers.
A few standouts from the guide, by budget. Starting prices are shown before decoration.
| Budget | Gift ideas | Best for |
|---|---|---|
| Under $50 | Stanley Quencher 40 oz Tumbler ($45), Owala FreeSip 24 oz ($36), Can Glass Candle with Custom Label ($22) | Company-wide gifts, partner thank-yous, event favors |
| $50 to $100 | Solo Stove Mesa ($90), Camp Snap 2 Camera ($74.95), Nomadix Graphene Puffer Blanket ($100) | Employees, prospects, client teams |
| $100 to $150 | Ember Mug 3, 10 oz ($130), Fellow Matcha Set ($130), Seasons Aero SM Portable Diffuser ($148) | Key clients, top performers, managers |
| $150 to $200 | Theragun Relief ($159.99), Patagonia Men's Better Sweater Jacket ($169), Troubadour Neo Backpack ($179) | Strategic accounts, leadership teams, milestone recognition |
| $200+ | Topo Designs Global Travel Bag Roller ($329), YETI Tundra 45 Hard Cooler ($365.63), COUP Custom Supreme Metal Case ($425) | Executives, VIPs, board members, top-tier clients |
This year's most-gifted products, from our own order data
We counted. Across Clove & Twine client programs in 2026, these were among the gifts chosen more than any others: Apple AirPods Pro 3, The North Face Everyday Insulated Jacket, the RAINS Hilo Weekend Bag, the Owala FreeSip 24 oz, the Camp Snap 2 Camera, the Ember Mug 3, 14 oz, and the Marine Layer Corbet Full Zip Vest.14 The common thread: brand names people already want, in categories they use every day.
Want the full edit? Shop the 2026 Holiday Gift Guide, or flip through the complete guide for gifts by budget and category, quick-turn picks, cold-weather favorites, and kit ideas. Values-driven teams can also shop our sustainable gifts.
How much should you spend on corporate holiday gifts?
Answer: Tier spend by relationship value instead of picking one number for everyone. A practical range: $25 to $75 for broad partner and event gifts, $50 to $150 for employees and most clients, and $150 to $300+ for executives, VIPs, and top accounts. With a fixed budget, go narrower, not cheaper, and check any recipient gift limits first.
| Tier | Typical range | Best for |
|---|---|---|
| Signature / VIP | $150 to $300+ | Executives, board members, top accounts, major partners |
| Relationship | $50 to $150 | Employees, core clients, active prospects |
| Touchpoint | $25 to $75 | Partner and vendor thank-yous, event favors, broad lists |
Going narrower means cutting the list before you cut the quality. Ten signature gifts to the relationships that matter most usually do more for the business than 40 forgettable ones spread across everyone.
If you have budget left at year-end, you don't have to spend it in a rush. Convert it to Clove & Twine credit for 2027 by December 18, or read how to protect year-end budget with strategic corporate gifting.
What changed in corporate gift rules in 2026?
Answer: Gift limits went up for financial services. FINRA raised its gift limit from $100 to $300 per person per year, effective March 30, 2026.10 The MSRB matched it for municipal securities: effective June 1, 2026 for FINRA-member dealers, and December 1, 2026 for municipal advisors and bank dealers, who stay at $100 until then.11 The IRS rules didn't change: business gifts are still deductible to $25 per recipient, and employee gift cards are still taxable wages.
If you gift to anyone in financial services, this is the most useful update of the year. A $300 ceiling opens up the Relationship and Signature tiers for advisors, brokers, and bankers who were capped at $100 for decades. The details worth knowing:
- FINRA Rule 3220: $300 per person per year, effective March 30, 2026. Promotional items of nominal value, such as branded tote bags or shirts, and de minimis items like pens and notepads are excluded from the limit and recordkeeping. Gifts given at business entertainment events count toward the limit unless they fall under an exclusion.10
- MSRB Rule G-20: raised to $300 to match FINRA. Municipal advisors and non-FINRA bank dealers aren't covered until December 1, 2026, which lands in the middle of the holiday shipping window.11 If a recipient falls in that group, a gift that arrives in late November may be held to the old $100 limit.
- Firm policies still win. Many firms set internal limits below the regulatory ceiling, and government, healthcare, and procurement teams often cap or ban gifts outright. Ask before you send, especially for prospects.
The tax rules that didn't change. Business gifts are deductible up to $25 per recipient per year, with incidental costs like engraving, packaging, and shipping outside that cap.12 Cash and gift cards given to employees are never excludable as de minimis benefits, so they're taxable wages. Non-cash holiday gifts of low value can qualify.13 We covered both in more detail in How Smart Companies Win Q4 with Early Corporate Holiday Gifting.
General information, not tax or legal advice. Confirm treatment with your tax advisor or compliance team.
When should you order corporate holiday gifts in 2026?
Answer: Now. October 30 is the best date for full product and packaging customization, top inventory, and large quantities with no automatic rush fees. November 20 is the last day for custom boxes with delivery before December 24, and December 11 is the last day custom or kitted orders can leave our warehouse for pre-holiday delivery.
| Date | What's still possible for delivery before 12/24 |
|---|---|
| October 30 | Full product and packaging customization. Best date for top inventory and large quantities. No automatic rush fees. |
| November 9 | Most products and branding options still available. Rush fees may apply after this date. |
| November 20 | Last day for custom boxes. Inventory and decoration options become limited after this date. |
| December 1 | After this date, quick-turn, unkitted, bulk-shipped products only, with limited decoration options. |
| December 11 | All custom or kitted orders must leave our warehouse. |
| December 14 | Last day to ship unbranded, unkitted, ready-to-ship bulk orders. |
| December 18 | Use it or lose it: convert remaining 2026 budget into Clove & Twine credit for 2027. |
Cutoff dates vary by product selection, customization, quantity, and project scope. Confirm timing for your program with your account manager.
Why the early dates matter: in 2025, 70% of our bestsellers were gone by the end of October, rush fees added 10 to 15% to late orders, and roughly 10% of late Q4 orders needed a product swap.14 Waiting doesn't just cost money. It costs the gift you actually wanted to send.
Running late? Our quick-turnaround gifts are picked for short timelines, and a New Year's gift delivered in January is a strong option in its own right.
→ Plan my holiday gifts
Share your budget, quantity, and timing, and we'll confirm real production dates for your program.
How do you send holiday gifts without collecting addresses?
Answer: Two ways. For branded kits, Clove & Twine collects addresses for you from a list or a link, then kits and ships everything. For fast, flexible sends, the Moment platform lets you send a gift with just an email: you control the curated selection and budget, recipients enter their own shipping details, and you only pay for the gifts they accept.
Address collection is the quiet killer of holiday programs, especially for remote and hybrid teams and client contacts whose office addresses went stale. The fix depends on what you're sending:
- Custom kits and branded boxes: send us a list or share a link, and we handle collection, kitting, and shipping to every address.
- A client thank-you in seconds: send a single Moment by email, no address needed.
- Your whole team, or 1,000 clients: Moment scales from one recipient to thousands with no minimums.
Need something always on? We also build gifting portals and company stores for programs that run all year.
How do you measure holiday gifting ROI?
Answer: Tag every recipient by audience in your CRM, pick two or three metrics per audience, and compare gifted against non-gifted groups over the next 90 days and through Q1 renewals. Directional lift is enough. You're looking for patterns in replies, meetings, renewals, referrals, and retention, not perfect attribution.
| Audience | Early signals (30 days) | Business outcomes (90+ days) |
|---|---|---|
| Clients | Thank-you replies, social posts, meeting acceptance | Renewal rate, expansion revenue, referrals |
| Prospects | Reply rate, meetings booked | Pipeline created, win rate, sales-cycle length |
| Partners | Responses and check-ins | Referred deals and co-selling activity |
| Employees | Pulse-survey sentiment, thank-you messages | Retention, eNPS, engagement scores |
Keep the qualitative proof, too. Client replies, referral notes, and team messages are often the clearest evidence of what a gift did, and the easiest way to make the case for next year's budget.
Key takeaways
- Holiday gifting is the year's last impression, and it reaches every relationship that drives the business at once.
- Gift-originated outbound deals win at 1.84x the rate of those without one, and a gift after the first call is tied to a 6.31x better second-call rate.
- 77% of employees say a gift they actually wanted would make them more likely to stay. Premium brands and personalization raise the value of the gift.
- Tier spend by relationship, and go narrower, not cheaper, when budget is tight.
- FINRA's gift limit is now $300. The MSRB limit reaches municipal advisors and bank dealers on December 1, 2026.
- Order by October 30 for full customization. Custom boxes close November 20.
→ Shop the 2026 Holiday Gift Guide
FAQs about corporate holiday gifting ROI
Is corporate holiday gifting worth it?
Yes, when it's strategic. Outbound emails with a gift saw a 3.08x higher meeting rate and gift-originated deals won at 1.84x the rate of those without one. 77% of employees say a gift they actually wanted would make them more likely to stay, and 90% of consumers say a branded product improves their view of the brand. The return comes from relevance, quality, and timing, not volume.
What is the ROI of holiday gifts for clients?
Client holiday gifts drive retention, renewals, expansion, and referrals. Keeping a client is far cheaper than replacing one: in financial services, a 5% increase in customer retention produces more than a 25% increase in profit. A premium year-end gift to a key account, sent right before renewal conversations, is one of the cheapest retention touches available.
Do holiday gifts improve employee retention?
They can. In a 2025 Custom Ink survey of 1,051 US employees, 77% said receiving a gift they actually wanted would make them more likely to stay, and 68% said it would make them feel more positive about their employer. Gallup and Workhuman found well-recognized employees were 45% less likely to have left their jobs two years later.
Who should receive corporate holiday gifts?
Key clients, active prospects, partners and referral sources, executives and VIPs, and employees, plus holiday event guests and January new hires. Each audience has a different goal, so tier gifts by relationship value rather than sending everyone the same thing.
How much should a company spend per holiday gift?
A practical range is $25 to $75 for broad partner and event gifts, $50 to $150 for employees and most clients, and $150 to $300 or more for executives, VIPs, and top accounts. With a fixed budget, cut the list before you cut the quality.
What is the gift limit for financial services clients in 2026?
$300 per person per year. FINRA raised its Rule 3220 limit from $100 to $300 effective March 30, 2026, and the MSRB matched it under Rule G-20, effective June 1, 2026 for FINRA-member dealers and December 1, 2026 for municipal advisors and bank dealers. Promotional items of nominal value are excluded. Many firms set stricter internal limits, so check before sending.
Are corporate holiday gifts tax deductible?
Partly. US businesses can deduct up to $25 per recipient per year for business gifts, and incidental costs like engraving, packaging, and shipping fall outside that cap. Cash and gift cards to employees are always taxable wages. General information, not tax advice.
When should I order corporate holiday gifts for 2026?
As early as possible. October 30 is the best date for full customization with no automatic rush fees, November 9 is the last date before rush fees may apply, November 20 is the last day for custom boxes, and December 11 is the last day custom or kitted orders can leave the warehouse for delivery before December 24.
What if we miss the holiday deadlines?
You still have options. Quick-turn, unkitted gifts can ship in December, Moment gifts go out by email, and a New Year's gift delivered in January often stands out more because yours is the only gift on the desk. Unspent budget can also be converted into Clove & Twine credit for 2027 by December 18.
What are the best corporate holiday gifts for 2026?
Premium, useful gifts from brands people already love: insulated drinkware, cozy layers and blankets, coffee and entertaining gear, wellness tech like Theragun, travel bags, and engraved champagne for celebrations. Clove & Twine's most-gifted products in 2026 included Apple AirPods Pro 3, The North Face Everyday Insulated Jacket, the RAINS Hilo Weekend Bag, the Owala FreeSip, and the Camp Snap 2 Camera.
Can you handle everything?
Yes. We're your full-stack corporate gifting partner.
Our end-to-end gifting services include product curation, branding, custom packaging, kitting, warehousing, address collection, and timed delivery, so you don't have to lift a finger.
We also offer on-site gifting experiences, product sourcing beyond our catalog, and custom design services for truly one-of-a-kind campaigns. Through our Moment gifting platform, you can send premium gifts to 1 or 1,000 recipients without needing addresses, while keeping full control of the selection and your brand.
More corporate gifting resources
- The 2026 Holiday Gift Guide: corporate holiday gifts by budget
- Start your holiday corporate gifting project
- How smart companies win Q4 with early corporate holiday gifting
- The ROI of corporate holiday gifting
- How to protect year-end budget and maximize ROI with corporate gifting
- Strategic corporate gifting: a high-ROI investment in retention, engagement, and purpose
- Kits and gift boxes for clients, teams, and VIPs
- Corporate gifting services: sourcing, branding, kitting, fulfillment
→ Shop the 2026 Holiday Gift Guide
→ Connect with an Account Manager
Sources
- HockeyStack Labs, "The State of Gifting," 2026. Data from 30 B2B SaaS companies: 3.08x higher outbound meeting rate and 1.84x higher win rate for gift-originated deals; 6.31x better second-call rate and 16% larger deals when gifting followed the first call; 9% lower MQL-to-SQL conversion on inbound gift offers. View
- Custom Ink, Holiday Gifting Survey, December 3, 2025. 1,051 US adults at companies with 10+ employees, fielded October 15 to 16, 2025 via Qualtrics, ±3% margin of error. Gift receipt, retention and sentiment impact, brand and personalization preferences, least-wanted categories. View
- Gallup, "Employee Retention Depends on Getting Recognition Right," September 18, 2024. Longitudinal study of nearly 3,500 employees with Workhuman, 2022 to 2024. View
- Gallup, "This Fixable Problem Costs U.S. Businesses $1 Trillion." Replacement cost of one-half to two times annual salary; 52% of voluntary leavers say their departure was preventable. View
- Bain & Company, Fred Reichheld, "Prescription for cutting costs." A 5% increase in customer retention produces more than a 25% increase in profit in financial services. View
- PPAI, "Product Power 2026: What Consumers Want Next," December 8, 2025. 5,000+ US respondents. 90% say a branded product improves brand perception; 65% very likely to keep one six months or longer; durability, design, and relevance drive keepability. View
- Advertising Specialty Institute, 2026 Global Advertising Impressions Study, April 2026. Nearly 5,000 consumers; 85% remember the advertiser behind a branded product. ASI is the promotional products industry's trade association. View
- Bauer, C., Leung, F. & Palmatier, R.W., "Effects of gifting on relationship performance," Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 52 No. 6, 2024. View
- Sendoso, "The Revenue Impact of Gifting," 2026. Vendor-reported customer data and HockeyStack benchmarks: 26% SQL win rate for gifting vs. 16% for Google Ads and 13% for LinkedIn Ads. Cited as directional. View
- FINRA, Regulatory Notice 26-05. Rule 3220 gift limit raised from $100 to $300 per person per year, effective March 30, 2026; promotional, de minimis, and personal-gift exclusions. View
- MSRB, "MSRB Amends Rule G-20 to Increase Gift Limit Consistent with Recent FINRA Amendments," Notice 2026-04, May 1, 2026. $300 limit effective June 1, 2026 for FINRA-member dealers and December 1, 2026 for municipal advisors and non-FINRA bank dealers. View
- Internal Revenue Service, Publication 463, chapter on Gifts. $25 per-recipient limit and incidental costs rule. View
- Internal Revenue Service, Publication 15-B, De Minimis (Minimal) Benefits. Cash and gift cards never excludable as de minimis. View
- Clove & Twine internal order data, 2025 and 2026. Most-gifted products, inventory availability, rush fee and substitution rates.
